Cameras and Photography Essay -- History of Photography

What do you think about workmanship? Works of art, models, drawings, or possibly something different. I know, when I consider craftsmanship, I consider photography. Photography Is utilized for business, science, producing, craftsmanship, recreational purposes, mass correspondence, and the sky is the limit from there. Photography is utilizing light to do astounding things, and a few people consider photography a story that simply should be told. Ansel Adams likely accepted this. He stated, â€Å"You don’t snap a picture, you make it.† Photography has a long fascinating history, similar to the way that the word photography is comprised of two greek words, photographs meaning ‘light’ and graphein which is ‘to draw’ ! Photography likewise has some entangled procedures to get a hang of taking great photographs. Have you known about the standard of thirds? Or on the other hand do you realize how a camera functions? All things considered, that will al l be clarified. Possibly, before the end you will take up photography as well. This exposition will investigate the history and kinds of cameras and the fundamental principles for taking photos. Photography has an astonishing procedure, regardless of on the off chance that you are utilizing a film camera, or an advanced camera. The rule of the camera is that light goes through a little gap, extends a picture from the more brilliant side of the opening to a surface on the dimmer side. The way toward making photographs, or tough pictures, is by recording light. Or on the other hand, it very well may be made by making pictures from other electromagnetic radiations. Photography has two different ways of catching photographs. It very well may be made artificially, with a light-delicate material, for example, photographic film. In spite of the fact that it should be possible electronically by the utilization of a picture sensor. The focal point is utilized to center the light that is reflected from objects into a genuine picture on a light-touchy surface inside a camera, during a planned introduction... ...e: http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/top-10-most-well known picture takers ever/ Rowse, D. (2014). 21 Settings, methods and rules all new camera proprietors should know. Recovered February 12, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Web website: http://computerized photography-school.com/21-settings-strategies and-rules-all-new-camera-proprietors should-know Rowse, D. (2014). Rule of thirds. Recovered February 14, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Web website: http://computerized photography-school.com/rule-of-thirds/ Rowse, D. (2014). Should you purchase a DSLR or simple to use computerized camera? . Recovered February 15, 2014 from , Digital Photography School Website: http://computerized photography-school.com/should-you-purchase a-dslr-or-simple to use advanced camera Wilson, R. (2013). Mathew Brady: Portraits of a country. New York: Bloomsbury USA.

Is the French ban on headscarves (al-hijab) in schools a good idea Research Paper

Is the French prohibition on headscarves (al-hijab) in schools a smart thought - Research Paper Example During the time of 2004, the legislature of France passed an enactment that refused people from wearing and utilizing any strict image in government funded schools (Hrw.org 1)1. This move made by the French government has been contradicted just as upheld by Muslim and non-Muslim populaces France. Around 80% of the individuals living in France have the restriction on hijab (Coleman 1)2. Restricting of Hijab is a smart thought on the grounds that The restriction on headscarf required by the legislature of France is right on the grounds that such enactment is reliable with the laws and guidelines of human rights. The article 18 of human rights law expresses that people should possibly be permitted to unreservedly rehearse their religion if their training doesn't pressure or prompts public’s sentiment of frailty (Minorityrights.org 1)3. As of late, Muslims have been significantly considered answerable for leading demonstrations of fear based oppression and because of this people in general has begun feeling uncertain because of the nearness of Muslims around them. People even experience dread and mental torment when they see a Muslim female wearing a headscarf in the general population. This dread of hijab is perceived as Islamophobia and islamophobia is encroaching upon the privileges of the understudy populace of France to uninhibitedly move around without the dread of being assaulted (Crg.berkeley.edu 1)4. Since heads carf encroaches upon other’s right of carrying on with an existence unafraid, headscarf’s are contrary to the guidelines and guidelines of human rights and ought to be kept on being restricted in French schools. Another explanation because of which France was right in prohibiting hijab in state funded schools was to shield the female Muslim understudy populace from being constrained and victimized. Since the fear based oppressor assaults of 9/11 Muslims have been intensely victimized all through the world. They are separated in associations, schools just as openly. They have been thumped and pushed around in various settings.

Shopping Malls Essay Example

Shopping Malls Essay Shopping Malls have been in presence for quite a long time. The first deliberately shopping center assembled was situated in St. Petersburg in 1785. This shopping center comprised of several shops that were open under one rooftop. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England was opened in 1774 and keeps on being a support of the nation. The Arcade of Cleveland was one of the primary indoor shopping centers in the United States. This shopping center set the gauges for the shopping centers to come. Shopping centers have been a huge piece of our lives and are currently a piece of our way of life. This paper will show how three kinds of shopping centers are in presence in todays society.Shopping has become an imperative piece of our way of life. Shopping centers were initially intended to pull in clients. It presently speaks to more than shopping. Shopping centers speaks to a method for living, and intended to be both a spot to buy stock and furthermore for recreational action. The fashi oners have made an environment that has genuinely spoken to our way of life. They planned three kinds of shopping centers that obliges assorted variety among people. People have the chance to encounter either a customary shopping center, a strip shopping center, or an outlet mall.In a conventional shopping center, people are totally encased and encircled by an assortment of traders in a contained and secure shopping condition. These kinds of shopping centers comprises of retail establishments, independent stores, stands, and nourishment courts. Throughout the years, these shopping centers have built up another fascination according to all ages. They have become a spot for diversion. The conventional shopping center has been managed cinemas, enormous chain eateries, different skating arenas, carousels and trains, andindoor play areas. These sorts of shopping centers draw in people from varying backgrounds and ages that like to shop as well as appreciate a night at the motion pictures or while shopping, permitting their youngsters to have a fabulous time on the train or playground.A strip shopping center is an open territory where there are a few stores situated in that particular region that share a typical parking area. Strip shopping centers are commonly situated in towns and urban communities that are entirely available to close by neighborhoods and other strip shopping centers. These sorts of shopping centers have stores, for example, supermarkets, dollar stores, video rental stores, and book shops. A strip shopping center could likewise have a notable huge store like Wal-Mart or Target. These are generally called a force community. Additionally situated around the strip shopping centers are drive-through joints, bistros, and coffeehouses like Starbucks. Strip shopping centers are extraordinary for comfort. These kinds of shopping centers are commonly searched out in the event that you have to get regular necessities, for example, nourishment, general thing s, and straightforward amusement options.On the other hand, there is the outlet shopping center. Previously, an outlet store was appended to an industrial facility or stockroom. Around then, clients were permitted to observe how the items were made and afterward ready to buy them in the abutting store. By and by, outlet shopping centers are either in an encased situation or an open zone outside. The stores are normally name brand stores like Guess, Levis, and Hollister. The outlet sort of store have marked down their costs on their items for different reasons, for example, past season stock or overload in their conventional stores. By and by, outlet shopping centers are exceptionally mainstream due to severals reasons, for example, availability and the economy. These kinds of shopping centers by and large pull in a wide range of people at all age levels.Malls do normalize the method for shopping by uniting all the needs and need of our general public. Shopping centers have been inte nded to pull in buyers in various ways. They fill in as a spot to buy items and administrations that required and needed. They additionally fill in as social capacities that give amusement to customers everything being equal. Shopping centers speak to more than shopping. They speak to a method for living, and have made an environment that speak to our way of life and the our lifestyle.

Essay on International Families

Essay on International Families Introduction The family structure on an international basis comes from the diverse nature of the world. This is basic even in the simple family structure. The status, â€Å"nuclear family† does not give sense to our society as it once did. The change in the mode of family diverts to single parents as single parents raise more children. The growth of diverse families in terms of religion, race and ethnicity increases with globalization. The differences are common in the life of children, making it a comfort issue in the making of unique family decisions. Families are different, making it difficult to link the similarities and differences. Children are likely to compare their family situations with others making it viable for them to get lessons on appreciation. Comparison on international families International families consists of traditional and the modern family. To analyze this understanding, we look at the family in terms of sociology. International families come in different sizes and family types. The modern family is smaller but uses independence to ensure continuity and growth in the family. The traditional family protects its members by using obedience and bringing the family together. The modern family displays as a nuclear family comprising of a father, mother and children. The average number of children may be one or two depending on the family setting. The comparison of this in the traditional family is the existence of extended individuals. The traditional family setting comprises of more children, grandparents, parents and sometimes aunties and uncles. International families also differ in the roles played in the family. The modern international families present a working father and mother. Both their income help in the upkeep of the family. The father helps in the family chores and in the taking care of the children. The mother and father share equality in the roles presented in the family. The traditional family provides a different setting where the father financially provides for the family. The mother’s responsibility is in taking care of the house chores and in taking care of the children. The other difference is in the values of the family. The modern family values independence. They take matters into their own hands, working to secure responsibility of their actions. This transfers to their children making them independent. The traditional family values obedient values with the father being the main authority of the family. As a result, the children depend on the family. The families display many differences, but also have many similarities. Both families focus on the family’s happiness. The modern family ensures happiness through sharing responsibilities and promoting independence. The traditional family aims at pro tecting the family by ensuring followed authority. The analysis of the families will be in form of values, cultural aspects and relations. Values The interception of family values into the family extends to ensuring working within the set beliefs and standards. It comes with importance for international families to consider the difference in upbringing children. Values of a family help in the definition of beliefs and importance of family growth. The high series of staggering statistics indicate high rates of single mothers, divorce, and reduced child bearing statistics in black families. The difference between the white and black family has an achievement in terms of maintaining stability approach. The â€Å"black family† tales charge in urban centers experience incompleteness in urban centers. An analysis of a documentary, provides us with details pertaining the growth of the family in different views. The documentary follows up very well through on the two high school students, William Gates and Arthur Agree, as they went through with their education in their first year of college. The movie plays a superb role in th e film industry because it is used as a tool to demonstrate some of the social issues faced in the inner city life in the poor black neighborhood. The movie also portrays that it really takes a lot of support either from family, friends as well as a lot of self-motivation in order to encourage and achieve the kind of dreams that transform Arthur Agree’s life having to know the kind of harsh reality that they were facing already not knowing what lay ahead of them. This is seen in the movie as it entails the story of two high school students In Chicago who had a dream of becoming professional basketball players. The two African American teenagers; Arthur Agree and William Gate, studied in a white, Roman Catholic high school called St. Joseph High School in Westchester, Illinois after being recruited by the schools’ scout (Kalman 202). Cultural aspects Cultural aspects play a big role in bringing up children. Different families follow different cultural aspects. International families hold cultural values passed down from their ancestors. Despite the economic adversity, long hours commuting, change in environment and difficult training, Agree and Gates worked very hard to enhance their basketball skills despite the competitive industry in the job. Their families also played an important role in supporting them with the school basketball program. In the film, we get to see Americas’ present view of education, race, economic diversity, social class and values. William Gates of the two students is obsessed to play in the National Basketball Association. Four years down the line, William Gates progresses to the Nike All-America basketball camp. During the camp, one of the coaches, Mr. Lee, informs them that the only reason they were in the camp was to make their schools win and make a lot of money. At the camp, the college coach es tended to overlook high school players. Family relations differ in the procedures of solving neglect and in the advice of teenagers. In relating with other individuals, the life of children varies from the system followed at home and that of school (Mcbride 228). The description of the film shows the family as a social institution relating with the American community. For example in the case scenario where ‘coach Lee’ gives advice to Arthur Agree and William Gates that everything they were getting involved was at it about money and even quoted; â€Å"the whole thing is about money† and tried to explain how they were being used by the school so that it would win and make a lot of money. He even went to further to tell them that, the only way that people like them, people from the poor black neighborhood, would defend themselves as well as their interests from such situation, was through being aware of the fact that it was not just about playing basketball but everything was revolving around money (Mernissi 235). Arthur Agree lived with his parents who broke up but later made u and were back together after Arthur’s father had a drug problem (crack) but managed to get over it. They lived in the Cabrini-Green housing project, whereas; William Gates lived with his single mother and his older brother called Curtis who had missed his own basketball career in college but didn’t give up but rather invested his dreams in his younger brother William Gates. He had so much trust in his small brother such trust in his younger brother such that he even made a comment saying he does not see how the brother, William Gates was not going to make it through his career. Arthur Agree meets his hero in basketball, Isaiah Thomas, an NBA star when he visited St. Joseph High School. William is very excited and makes big smiles as he goes one on one with his favorite basketball star. Isaiah’s had been a student at St. Joseph High School. Arthur Agree and William Gate get temporary scholarships to St. Josephs High School because the school seemed to be a lifetime opportunity to prosper in the pro career in basketball. William and Arthur read at a fourth grade level. William finds a private sponsor to support him cater for the tuition share through St. Josephs high school after facing financial constraints. This only happens after William decides to improve on his reading level and fairing on well in the varsity basketball team. On the other hand, Arthur does not fair on well in his sports or academics. He has indecent behavior in class and gives an excuse that he has been around many white people though he was ready to adjust. Arthur’s coach, Coach Pingatore, sees this kind of behavior as a way of deteriorating to the influence of the new environment Arthur was in (Scheibner 213). Image and identity is differently laid in the public and private sector. The private aspect of the film concentrates on the main issues concerning smoking. Arthur, both in the private and public setting, does not show a difference in his opinion on smoking. His statements in the private setting of his company can be compared to while he is in public. It is controversial as in the real world; many people will have two different characters. In public, attributes of calmness, understanding, and action orientation will be portrayed, but in private, they will posses opposite attributes (MapXL 45). Relations Through relations international families build a strong relation with other individuals. The overall message outlaid by the film creates a basis for discussion. Various competing views are presented in the film. The flexible views strongly rely on the people who the message is targeted. The movie stats in favor of Arthurs views, as he is perceived to have more relevant opinions. Audiences love him, as he is able to justify his arguments, using statement that will draw the attention of crowds. Knowing well that most people relate to evil things, or bad lifestyles, he uses this aspect to support his views. The stable view is that smoking is going to be a continued aspect no matter the circumstances. It is clear that no matter how many talk shows are held on smoking, the tobacco industry will continue to have a reasonable number of customers. Some patients who have cancer due to smoking continue to hold their smoking habit with an attitude of nothing being able to change the circumstanc es faced. This aspect is unchangeable as control to every individual is difficult to attain (Kalman 202). Conclusion The structure of the family is an international basis comes from the diverse nature of the world. This is basic even in the simple family structure. The status, â€Å"nuclear family† does not give sense to our society as it once did. The change in the mode of family diverts to single parents as single parents raise more children. The growth of diverse families in terms of religion, race and ethnicity increases with globalization. The differences are common in the life of children, making it a comfort issue in the making of unique family decisions. Families are different, making it difficult to link the similarities and differences. Children are likely to compare their family situations with others making it viable for them to get lessons on appreciation. If you need custom essays for money dont hesitate to visit AdvancedWriters.com custom writing company now! Affordable prices start from $13/page. Professional writers will help you on any topic.

Gifted Hands Essay - 462 Words

Gifted Hands is an inspirational novel based around the life of Ben Carson, from his rugged upbringing in inner-city Detroit to his position as director of pediatric neurosurgery at John Hopkins Hospital at age 33. The novel foregrounds Carson’s struggle to defy all odds - aided by his iron will, tremendous faith, respect, meekness and an unconditional devotion to God. Carson displayed great determination and dedication from a young age. He thrived to be ahead of his studies and went the extra mile for the well-being of his education. After I started pulling ahead in school, the desire to be smarter grew stronger and stronger. Carson focused more on being the best he could be rather than being top of the class. The desire to be smarter†¦show more content†¦Throughout the auto-biography Carson demonstrates an extraordinary amount of trust and faith in the Lord. A pristine example of Carson’s faith is portrayed before a major chemistry final. Although Carson was unprepared, he laid the situation before God and was able to miraculously score well in the exam. Carson lived a Christ-oriented life and the blessings were endless. His faithfulness demonstrated the power in living in such a way. Carson was no ordinary man. His intricate way of thinking was like no other. One of the most obvious and well-known achievement is his concept of incorporating lasers in neurosurgery to nullify complexities faced whilst operating. He knew there was an easier way and took the initiative to act upon his ideas. Comparing Carson’s accomplishments and initial circumstances serves as living proof that anyone can be an influential figure in our society. Carson’s radiant demeanor shone throughout the course of his life. His pleasant behavior and respect for others produced a very likable individual. Although there were countless incidents where Carson could bad-mouth white folk, he never resorted to racial prejudice and whole-heartedly believed in equality amongst everyone. The problem with many of the intellectually talented is the mentality they withhold which automatically grants them bragging rights. Carson on the other hand was a silent achiever, very humble about his successShow MoreRelatedThe Alchemist And Gifted Hands Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge is just as important. I believe that this quote can be applied to â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† by Ben Carson with Cecil Murphey and â€Å"The Alchemist† by Paulo Coelho, because in these books the author portrays the challenges and hardships the people faced which is their experience and the completion of their personal legend which could also be the character. In the autobiography/biography of â€Å"Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story† Ben Carson and Cecil Murphey talk about Ben Carson’sRead MoreGifted Hands Book Report1785 Words   |  8 PagesGifted Hands: a Benson Carson Story By: Julia Murtha While reading this enchanting book, I have realized that I should not let the little things in my life be taken for granted. Ben Carson had a rough child hood, but he was a good kid. As a child he wasn’t the brightest or the richest, but he was a well mannered child. He was teased a lot during his elementary school years, just because he was not the brightest student in his class. He was tired ofRead MoreThe Movie Gifted Hands By Ben Carson1154 Words   |  5 Pagesjust to get here and have the opportunity to succeed. The American Dream which seemingly exists only here in America, for an ambitious person to be able to be an outstanding success through his or her own hard work and determination. In the movie Gifted Hands, Ben Carson (Cuba Gooding Jr.) went from a being a poor troubled youth in inner city Detroit to becoming a famous and successful neurosurgeon supports and demonstrates that the American Dream is achievable through hard work, determination, andRead MoreEs say on The Power of Education in a Young Mens Life1086 Words   |  5 Pageslife young adults and adolescents tend to be faced with many challenges that alter the out come of their adult years by either benefiting or harming it. This is evident in â€Å"The Pact,† by Drs. Sampson Davis, George Jenkins, and Rameck Hunt, and â€Å"Gifted Hands: A Ben Carson Story,† by Ben Carson. These two books are similar in multiple aspects such as: the influences, and environment the characters are exposed to; the characters goals and struggles; and the purpose for writing the books and the lessonRead MoreThe Accomplishments Of Ben Carson1596 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting honors from Southwestern High School. He earned a full scholarship to Yale, receiving a B.A. degree in psychology in 1973. (Source 1) He enrolled in the School of Medicine at the University of Michigan and became a neurosurgeon. His good hand to eye coordination and three-dimensional reasoning made him a good ne urosurgeon to begin with. In 1975, he married Lacena Candy Rustin whom he met at Yale. Carson earned a medical degree and then moved to Baltimore with Lacena. Carson earned hisRead MoreThink Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence800 Words   |  4 Pagesin God according to his last letter in the Think Big acronym. Works Cited Carson, Ben. Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence. New York: Zondervan, 2009. Print. Bergman, Jerry. Benjamin Carson: The Pediatric Neurosurgeon with Gifted Hands. Acts Facts. 38.1(2009): 10.Print. Read MoreDr. Ben Carson As A Leader Of A Nation1638 Words   |  7 Pagesvery young man, but credits his many successes to his own abilities and God’s particular favor of him. Carson went so far as to exclaim in his own autobiography that, â€Å"For whatever reason, the God of the universe, the God who holds galaxies in His hands, had seen a reason to reach down to a campus room on Planet Earth and send a dream to a discouraged ghetto kid who wanted to become a doctor† (taleoftwocarsons), If Ben Carson were to read The Autobiography of Malcolm X, it could reconnect him withRead MoreThe Importance of Maintaining Gifted Programs: Schools Must Not Neglect Gifted Children1164 Words   |  5 Pages Many people are of the opinion that special education programs for gifted children are an unnecessary burden on tightly-budgeted and under-funded school systems, but this is actually far from the truth. The gifted are perhaps the most neglected group of special needs child ren in almost every school district. 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A lot of the controversy starts right there: how can fourRead MoreIncorporate Technology And Teach Creativity To Gifted Students : Article Analysis1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Incorporate Technology in the Gifted Classroom to Differentiate an d Teach Creativity to Gifted Students The articles that I focused on all describe how to use a different type of technology to help differentiate for gifted students. All of the articles described the benefits of using technology in the classroom. Some of the common themes amongst all three articles were that technology can be used to help engage unmotivated learners, increased use of technology helps to teach problem solving

Computation of Rental Property Tax Laws

Question: Define the Determination of Residential Status and computation of Rental Property Income as per Australian Tax Laws. Answer: The determination of the residential status is crucial because the computation of the taxable income, application of the tax rates, rebates, and exemptions depends upon it. The nature of income that is to be included in the computation of the taxable income of a taxpayer is ascertained according to the residential status (Prince, 2013). For example, if a taxpayer is resident of Australia for a particular income year, then all types of income earned by the taxpayer either within or outside Australia shall be taxed in Australia. Further, the tax rates applied to charge tax on the taxable income also differ depending upon the residential status of the taxpayer. For example, in case of individual taxpayers, it could be observed that the Australian government has provided different income slab for residents and non residents. The taxpayers, who are resident of Australia for income year 2015-16, have been given first hand exemption for income up to $18200, whereas, the non-resident taxpaye rs are not allowed any exemption on the taxable income (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1936 incorporates the basic provisions regarding residential status. Further, various tax rulings have also been framed to clarify the basic provisions related to the residential status in more detail with the suitable examples (Wolters Kluwer, 2016). Residential status rules have been framed differently for different categories of taxpayers such as individuals, corporations, and others. In the current case, Juliette is an individual, for whom the residential status is to be determined, thus, the provisions and rules regarding the residential status of an individual have been analyzed. In this connection, it has been observed that the taxation ruling 98/17 contains detailed provisions in regard to determination of the residential status of individuals entering Australia (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The tax ruling 98/17 is applied in determining the residential status of the Australian migrants, students coming to Australia for study, visitors on holiday, and workers coming to Australia in connection with employment (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). In this regard, it is important to note that this tax ruling is not to be applied in determination of the residential status of the people returning to Australia who earlier normally resided in Australia. The ruling prescribes that the residential status of the taxpayer is to be determined on year to year basis. Determination of the residential status each year is important because the circumstances could change from year to year leading to change in the residential status. Further, the tax ruling clarifies the meaning of term reside in a great detail with the statutory definition and ordinary meaning (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The statutory definition of the term reside has been provided in section 6 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The ordinary meaning has been explained in the ruling 98/17 by stating that person coming to Australia with an intention to live permanently and residing there for a considerable period of time will be deemed to be residing in Australia in ordinary parlance. However, it should noted here that the ordinary meaning of the term reside is resorted to only when the position as regards residential status of the individual is not clear from the statutory provisions. The statutory provisions in regard to determination of the residential status prescribe three types of tests, which are commonly known as the tests of residency (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Those three types of tests of residency are domicile test, 183 day test, and superannuation test (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). All the tests of residency contain different parameters to adjudge that whether or not an individual is a resident of Australia. As per the domicile test, an individual is deemed to be resident for income tax purposes, if that individual has domicile in Australia. Domicile here implies the permanent place of abode, where the individual resides with the required amenities to live permanent. However, this provision will not apply in cases in which, the income tax authorities are satisfied otherwise (Lawrence, 2014). Further, it should also be remembered that if the individual satisfies the domicile test, that individual would be deemed to be resident of Australia without requiring any other test to pass or condition to comply with. The second statutory test of residency is 183 days test, which is based on the period of stay of the individual in Australia in the relevant income year. As per this test, if the individual stays for a period of 183 days in an income year in Australia, whether continuously or intermittently, that individual will be regarded as resident of Australia for income tax purposes (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). However, if individual does not have usual place of abode in Australia and there is no intention of the individual to settle in Australia for permanent, then the provisions of this test may not apply. This implies that even of an individual coming to Australia stays there for a period of 183 days or more in an income year, but the usual place of abode of the individual is outside Australia and there is no intention to live permanently in Australia, the individual will not be deemed as resident of Australia (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The intention to live permanently is difficult to judge, therefore, the Australian taxation office has clarified in this regard detailing the circumstances that are considered to be indicative of the intention to live permanently. As per the rules framed in this regard, the two primary cut off criteria have been set to judge the intention of an individual such as individuals behavior and purpose of arrival (Wills, 1997). The purpose indicating an intention to live permanently may be anything such as education or employment, but it must be something more than mere travelling or visiting for casual reasons. The individuals behavior implies the action taken by the individual in respect of domestic and economic affairs, for example, selling off the investments, and letting out the property on rent before leaving for Australia and taking residence in Australia with all the required amenities (Wills, 1997). Ascertaining the individuals intention and purpose is a subjective matter requiring careful interpretation and application of the provisions and rules. There have been observed various disputes involving the issue of determination of the intention and purpose of an individuals visit (Wills, 1997). The courts pronouncements have set out various principles in regard to ascertainment of the residential status of an individual. For example, in the case of FC of T v. Penchey 75 ATC, it has been held that employee staying in Australia in connection with employment for a short period will not be deemed to be resident (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The third test of residency is the superannuation test, which provides explicitly that if the provisions of superannuation act 1976 apply to an Australian government employee, then that individual shall be deemed to be resident (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Further, it is also to be noted in this regard that if an individual is declared resident as per the superannuation test, then the spouse and children under 16 years of age would also be deemed as resident of Australia. However, the superannuation test is applied only in case of Australian government employees and not in other usual cases (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Applying the above provisions in the current case of Juliette, the residential status in her case for the income year 2014-15 and 2015-16 has been determined as under: Residential Status of Juliette for the Income Year 2014-15 It has been observed in case of Juliette that she does not have a permanent place of abode in the income year 2014-15 in Australia, which implies that as per domicile test, she is not resident of Australia (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Further, Juliette is also not an employee of the Australian government, which implies that superannuation test of residency also, does not apply in her case. Now the determination of the residential status of Juliette depends upon the test of 183 days stay. For this purpose, the days of her stay in Australia in the income year 2014-15 comprising the period from July 01, 2014 to June 30, 2015 is produced below: Income Year: 2014-15 Month Feb Mar April May June Total Days 28 0 0 31 30 89 From the above, it is clear that Juliette stayed for a period total period of 89 days in the income year 2014-15, which is less than the limit of 183 days. This implies that Juliette is not an Australian resident for the income year 2014-15 (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Residential Status of Juliette for the Income Year 2015-16 The circumstances for Juliette changed in the income year 2015-16 as she got married with an Australian young man and also took out a permanent place to reside in Australia. These circumstances indicate her intention to live permanently in Australia, which is a significant factor to determine the residential status under the provisions of the income tax in Australia (Wills, 1997). Further, the total period of her stay also exceeded the prescribed limit of 183 days in the income year 2015-16, as shown in the table given below: Income Year: 2015-16 Month July August Sep Oct April May June Total Days 31 31 30 16 16 31 30 185 Thus, based on this analysis, it has been articulated that Juliette is to be regarded as Australian resident for the income year 2015-16 (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Requirement-2 (a) As per the provisions of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, a person earning income by way renting the property has to pay taxes on the rental income. The computation of rental property income is carried in the rental property statement, which shows the particulars of the rental income along with the expense claimed and allowed (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). In the current case, George is running business of letting out the property since the year 1995. In this regard, the rental property statement for the income year 2015-16 has been presented as below: Rental Property Statement Amount ($) A. Rental Income Rent received for the current income year 13,900.00 B. Rental Deductions Agent Commission for management ($13,900*5%) 695.00 General repairs and maintenance 6,000.00 Repainting the front fence which consists of painted wooden pickets 2,500.00 Fixing the broken front door which was damaged by vandals 1,000.00 Total 10,195.00 C. Decline in the Value of Assets Stove ($900/12) 75.00 Hot water service ($2000/12) 166.67 Carpets (3500/10) 350.00 Furniture and fittings (5000/13.33)+(1200/13.33*.5) 420.11 Total 1,011.77 D. Capital works deduction Replacing the damaged fibro roof with longer lasting colorbond 187.50 ($15000*2.5%*0.50) Net Rental Income or Loss (A-B-C-D) 2,505.73 Requirement-2 (b) The rental property statement given in requirement-2 (a) above has been divided into four main parts such as rental income, rental deductions, decline in the value of asset, and capital works deductions. The first part of the statement shows all types of rental income earned by the taxpayer in the income year. The guidelines set out in regard to the rental property income prescribe that the rental income not only includes rental receipts, but other incomes directly associated with the let out of properties are also clubbed with that (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). For example, the other income associated directly with the letting out of the property may be fees collected from the tenants for the cleaning and maintenance services. In the current case, the rental property income includes only the rent receipts amounting to $13,900. The second part of the rental property statement lists out the rental expenses, which are allowed straightforward in the same year in which these were incurred. Certain expenses such as advertisement, insurance, general repair and maintenance, agent commission, and interest on loan are allowed to the taxpayer in the same income year in which these are incurred (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). However, there are certain expenses, which are not allowed to be deducted while computing the taxable income from letting business. These expenses include acquisition costs, expenses not borne by the owner, travel expense incurred for inspection of the property, and expenses incurred in disposing off the property (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Further, in regard to the repair and maintenance expenses, it has been observed that the expense should on revenue account to be able claim it in the year of incurrence (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). The repair and maintenance expense on capital account are either not allowed or allowed as capital works deduction over the number of years. The repair and maintenance expenses on capital account includes replacement of entire structure or unit of the property, repairs carried out at the time of acquiring the property, and similar nature repairs and maintenance involving heavy amount. Claims in regard to agent fees and commission should also be dealt with caution because there are certain restrictions on allowance of such expenditure. For example, commission paid to agent for assisting in disposal of property and acquisition of property is not allowed for deduction from the rental income. Although, these expenses are not allowed while computing rental income but these are added to t he cost of the property and adjusted at the time of computing capital gains on disposal of the property (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). However, the commission paid to the agent for managing the business of letting is allowed to be deducted from the rental income. Considering the above discussed guidelines, total expenses amounting to $10,195 have been claimed in the rental property statement. These expenses comprise of commission paid to agent for managing the property renting affairs amounting to $695 and repairs on revenue account amounting to $9,500 ($6000+$2,500+$1,000). The repairs claimed on revenue account include general repair and maintenance amounting to $6,000, repainting the front door amounting to $2,500, and fixing broken door amounting to $1000. Further, the repair of the damaged roof amounting to $15,000 has been excluded considering it to be of capital nature. The third part of the rental property statement deals with the deductions for decline in the value of assets. In letting out the property, the tenant not only uses the building, but the assets such as air conditioners, stove, and other items of furniture and fittings are also used (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Assets other than building being used by the tenants are commonly called plant on which depreciation for decline in the value is allowed. Since, the assets deteriorate with the use over the period of time, therefore, the cost of assets is allowed for deduction in the form of depreciation. The depreciation is worked out based on the estimated useful life of the asset. There are two methods such as diminishing value method and prime cost method, which the taxpayer can use to compute deprecation on the assets (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). It is to be noted here that depreciation is only allowed on plant and not on other assets such as building or some other asset fixed to the earth (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). However, there is a separate deduction in the name of deduction for capital works, which allowed on building and other construction work. Further, it is also pertinent to note that the depreciation and deduction for capital works is allowed proportionate to the number of days the asset is held in the income year. This implies that if the asset is held for half of the year, the depreciation or deduction for capital works will be reduced to fifty percent (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Taking into account the above guidelines, total depreciation amounting to $1,011.77 has been claimed in the current case. This amount includes depreciation of $75.00 on stove, $166.67 on hot water service, $350.00 on carpet, and $420.11 on furniture and fittings. The taxpayer has applied prime cost method in computing the depreciation in the current case on all the assets. The depreciation on stove has been computed by dividing the cost of stove of $900 by effective life of 12 years. In the way, the depreciation on the hot water service and carpet has been calculated by dividing their respective costs with their respective effective lives. However, in respect of furniture and fittings, there has been observed an addition of $1200 in December 2015. Therefore, the depreciation on the furniture and fittings comprises of depreciation on the existing cost and an additional part on the new purchases. Since, the new furniture and fittings were purchased in the December month, which is six month from the start of the income year; therefore, the depreciation has been reduced to 50% on the new purchase. Further, as per the guidelines, if the effective life is in fractions, it is to be taken in fractions only and not to be rounded off, thus, the effective life of the furniture and fittings has been taken as 13.33 years. The fourth part of the rental property statement covers the capital works deductions. The guidelines in this regard stipulate that the construction expenditure which is not allowable as repairs in the same income year, can be claimed as capital works deductions. The capital works deduction is allowed over a period of 25or 40 years depending upon the nature of capital expenditure (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). Categories of expenditure covered in the capital works deduction are building construction, alterations, and structural improvements. Further, there are restrictions on the amount that can be claimed as deduction under capital works. The amount of deduction here depends upon the nature of expenditure and the date of expenditure incurrence. Primarily, there are two rates such as 2.5% and 4%, which can be applied in computing the deduction for capital works. The category of 4% deduction covers the special properties such industrial building or complexes, while rest of the pro perties are covered under category of 2.5% deduction (Australian Taxation Office, 2016). In the current case, considering the nature of capital work, a deduction at the rate of 2.5% on the replacement of the damaged roof has been claimed. The capital work of replacement of the damaged roof carried in the month December, thus, the total allowable deduction has been reduced to 50%. References Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Individual income tax rates for prior years. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/Individual-income-tax-for-prior-years/?page=1#Tax_rates___resident. Wolters Kluwer. (2016). Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/topic/tlp703/document/atagUio563856sl17258705/rulings/residency/tr-98-17-residency-status-of-individuals-entering-australia. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). TR 98/17: Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001. Prince, J.B. (2013). Tax for Australians for dummies. John Wiley Sons. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Residency Tests. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/. Lawrence, S. (2014). Australian Expatriates and the Residency Trap. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.austchamthailand.com/Resources/Documents/Advance/2014%20June/PDFs/Australian%20Expatriates%20and%20the%20Residency%20Trap.pdf. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Residency- the 183 days test. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-183-day-test/. Wills, M. (1997). The Income Tax Implications of a Foreign Individual Contracting to do Business in Australia, with Particular Reference to the Concepts of 'Residence' and 'Source'. Journal of Bond Law Review, 1(9), pp. 1-25. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Residency - the superannuation test. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-super-test/. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Worksheet. Retrieved August 12, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/Forms/Rental-properties-2014-15/?page=11. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Rental property guide 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/Rental-properties-2016.pdf. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Rental property expenses. Retrieved August 12, 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/In-detail/Investments,-including-rental-properties/Rental-property-expenses/. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Capital works deduction. Retrieved August 12, 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/business/depreciation-and-capital-expenses-and-allowances/capital-works-deductions/. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Repair properties- Claiming repair and maintenance expenses. Retrieved August 12, 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/In-detail/Rental-properties/Rental-properties---claiming-repairs-and-maintenance-expenses/. Australian Taxation Office. (2016). Work-related expenses - decline in value. Retrieved August 12, 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/In-detail/Deductions-for-work-related-expenses/Work-related-expenses---decline-in-value/.

Maximazing Profit Essay Example

Maximazing Profit Paper Assignment: Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper XECO/212 University of Phoenix The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. This paper covers the following: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand, the characteristics of each market structure, the barriers to entry and how organizations in each market structure maximize profits. Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist economy, and varying degrees of competition lead to different market structures, with differing implications for the outcomes of the market place. The goal of a firm is to maximize profits, to get as much for the firm as possible. In the perfect competition, each firm maximizes profits where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). That is, the additional revenue from producing additional quantity equals the additional cost incurred in producing that quantity. At an output where MR is greater than MC, increasing production increases profits. If MR is less than MC, decreasing production increases profits. Therefore, MR=MC is the profit-maximization condition. In perfect completion, the price is a given for each firm, P=MR. This is because the fixed price per unit is the additional revenue the firm can expect to earn by selling additional quantity. The firm’s profit- maximization condition becomes P=MR=MC. In the long run, however, all costs are variable. We will write a custom essay sample on Maximazing Profit specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maximazing Profit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maximazing Profit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All firms in a perfectly competitive market make zero economic profit in the long run, because if profit was being made, more firms would enter the market and market prices would decline until all firms made zero profit. These elements are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly,  and monopoly. Based on the differing outcomes of different market structures, economists consider some market structures more desirable, from the point of view of the society, than others. Each of these market structures describe a particular organization of a market in which ertain key characteristics differ. The characteristics are: (a) number of firms in the market, (b) control over the price of the relevant product, (c) type of the product sold in the market, (d) barriers to new firms entering the market, and (e) existence of non-price competition in the market. The number of firms in the market supplying the particular product under consideration forms an important basis for classify ing market structures. The number of firms in an industry, according to economists, determines the extent of competition in the industry. Both in perfect competition and monopolistic competition, there are large numbers of firms or suppliers. Each of these firms supplies only a small portion of the total output for the industry. In oligopoly, there are only a few (presumably more than two) suppliers of the product. When there are only two sellers of the product, the market structure is often called duopoly. Monopoly is the extreme case where there is only one seller of the product in the market. The extent to which an individual firm exercises control over the price of the product it sells is another important characteristic of a market structure. Under perfect competition, an individual firm has no control over the price of the product it sells. A firm under monopolistic competition or oligopoly has some control over the price of the product it sells. Finally, a monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product. The type of products sold in the market is also a key characteristic. The extent to which products of different firms in the industry can be differentiated is also a characteristic that is used in classifying market structures. Under perfect competition, all firms in the industry sell identical products. In other words, no firm can differentiate its product from those of other firms in the industry. There is some product differentiation under monopolistic competition—the firms in the industry are assumed to produce somewhat different products. Under an oligopolistic market structure, firms may produce differentiated or identical products. Finally, in the case of a monopoly, product differentiation is not truly an issue, as there is only one firm—there are no other firms from whom it should differentiate its product. The barriers to entry need to be accounted for while classifying the characteristics of a market structure. The difficulty or ease with which new firms can enter the market for a product is also a characteristic of market structures. New firms can enter market structures classified as perfect competition or monopolistic competition relatively easily. In these cases, barriers to entry are considered low, as only a small investment may be required to enter the market. In oligopoly, barriers to entry is considered very high—huge amounts of investment, determined by the very nature of the product and the production process, are needed to enter these markets. Once again, monopoly constitutes the extreme case where the entry of new firms is blocked, usually by law. If for whatever reasons, new firms are allowed to enter a monopolistic market structure, it can no longer be termed a monopoly. Market structures also differ to the extent that firms in industry compete with each other on the basis of non-price factors, such as, differences in product characteristics and advertising. There is no non-price competition under perfect competition. Firms under monopolistic competition make considerable use of instruments of non-price competition. Oligopolistic firms also make heavy use of non-price competition. Finally, while a monopolist also utilizes instruments of non-price competition, such as advertising, these are not designed to compete with other firms, as there are no other firms in the monopolists industry. Perfect competition is an idealized version of market structure that provides a foundation for understanding how markets work in a capitalist economy. The other market structures can also be understood better when perfect competition is used as a standard of reference. Even so, perfect competition is not ordinarily well understood by the general public. For example, when business people speak of intense competition in the market for a product, they are, in all likelihood, referring to rival suppliers, about whom they have quite a bit of information. However, when economists refer to perfect competition, they are particularly referring to the impersonal nature of this market structure. The impersonality of the market organization is due to the existence of a large number of suppliers of the product—there are so many suppliers in the industry that no firm views another supplier as a competitor. Thus, the competition under perfect competition is impersonal. Perfect competition is considered desirable for society for at least two reasons. First, the price charged to individuals equals the marginal cost of production to each firm. In other words, one can say sellers charge buyers a reasonable or fair price. Second, in general, output produced under a perfectly competitive market structure is larger than other market organizations. Thus, perfect competition becomes desirable also for the amount of the product supplied to consumers as a whole. Monopoly can be considered the opposite of perfect competition. In the monopoly, there are no price takers a monopolist sets the price for the product or service to maximize profits. The profit-maximizing price and output is at the point where MC=MR. The output is less than what it is in the perfect competition. In the long run, it is possible for a monopolist to earn some economic profits, if to entry of new firms exist. The concept of monopoly arises when one firm is the sole producer and marketer of a product or service. Monopolies come in being when a single firm is the sole producer of a product that has no close substitutes. Monopolies are characterized by a single seller, no close substitutes, price maker, blocked entry and non price competition. In the oligopoly, there are few firms, pricing and output decisions are strategic; that is each firm considers the reaction of the other firms while taking any decision. An important characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure is the interdependence of firms in the industry. The interdependence, actual or perceived, arises from the small number of firms in the industry. If an oligopolistic firm changes its price or output, it has perceptible effects on the sales and profits of its competitors in the industry. Thus, an oligopolist firm always considers the reactions of its rivals in formulating its pricing or output decisions. The prices set by all firms are nearly identical, because any effort to change the price by one firm will induce other firms to follow suit. For this reason, prices, once fixed, tend to change very little in oligopoly. Firms in oligopoly can expect to make some profit in the long run. An oligopolistic industry is also typically characterized by economies of scale. Economies of scale in production imply that as the level of production rises, the cost per unit of product falls for the use of any plant. Thus, economies of scale lead to an obvious advantage for a large producer. In the monopolistic competition, there are many buyers and sellers, and there are few barriers to the entry of new firms. Each firm, however, sells differentiated products, and invests considerably in differentiating it products from the competition. The profits of each are maximized at the point where MR=MC. In the long run, however, the free entry and exit of firms means that all firms earn zero economic profit. As in the case of perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition decides about the quantity of the product produced on the basis of the profit maximization principle—it produces the quantity that maximizes the firms profit. Also, conditions of profit maximization remain the same—the firm stops production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost of production. But unlike perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition has some control over the price it charges, as the firm differentiates its products from those of others. However, this price making power of a monopolistically competitive firm is rather small, since there are a large number of other firms in the industry with somewhat similar products. REFERENCE Colander, D. C. , (2004). Economics, 5th edition. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge, Il. Chapter 13. Retrieved November 23, 2009. Forgang, William G. , Einolf, Karl W. (2006). Management Economics: An Accelerated Approach. M. E. Sharpe Competition (2007). Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd Edition. Retrieved on November 23, 2009 from Encyclopedia of Business, Clo-con website: http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Clo-Con/Competition. html